Historical cinematic illustration of Native American slaveholding, Confederate participation, African American Freedmen, the 1866 treaties, land rights, and Dawes Commission enrollment.

The Other Slaveholders: Native Nations, the Confederacy, and the Unfinished Promises of 1866

Five Native American nations entered treaties with the Confederacy during the Civil War, while some of their citizens held African Americans in slavery. The Reconstruction treaties of 1866 established freedom and varying citizenship, land, and financial protections for Freedmen. More than 160 years later, the consequences of those agreements continue to shape legal disputes and questions of historical accountability.

Cherry Lane Cemetery site on Staten Island, historic Black burial ground beneath commercial development

Beneath the Asphalt: How a Black Cemetery Disappeared From Staten Island Without the Dead Disappearing

Once a burial ground for Staten Island’s Black community, Cherry Lane Cemetery eventually disappeared beneath commercial development. InnerKwest follows the surviving records, unresolved legal history and people working to recover what the landscape nearly erased.