Global powers are pursuing deeper partnerships across Africa, but the defining question is no longer simply who is arriving. With fifty-four sovereign governments weighing competing offers involving ports, minerals, manufacturing, technology, finance and security, Africa’s opportunity may lie in determining what each partnership leaves behind.
When Concentration Is a Problem—And When It Isn’t: Nigeria, Dangote, and the Uneven Language of Market Power
As Nigeria reduces fuel imports through the Dangote Refinery, concerns about market concentration rise. But history shows scale often precedes regulation—raising deeper questions about timing and control.



